Human Embro Cloning Essay Example For Students

Human Embro Cloning Essay The particular goal of this significant paper is to explain and sum up the questionable discussion concerning the moral goodness of early stage cloning for helpful purposes. This is the type of cloning that is apparently useful to a torrent of clinical applications. We will recognize the key restricting moral points of view, for example, those of the legitimization of undeveloped exploration dependent on the regulating hypothesis of consequentialism. This paper will likewise test into the generally concise history of the discussion while measuring the specific hindrances of difference which bioethicists have shown up at. The topical parts of restorative cloning will be firmly concentrated by gauging the advantages and disadvantages and increasing a more prominent comprehension of the current situation. Officially, undeveloped cloning is a strategy utilized by scientists and creature raisers to part a solitary incipient organism into at least two undeveloped organisms that will all have the equivalent hereditary data. Some increasingly extraordinary types of Embryonic or Therapeutic cloning include the intentional formation of an indistinguishable twin to be devastated before implantation so as to make substitution tissues. In any case, these indistinguishable twins are typically just multi day old undeveloped organisms, a microscopic assortment of cells without a sensory system. Restoratively, the thought of cloning is therapeutically huge on the grounds that cloned people at the undeveloped stage share indistinguishable safe qualities from one another (Harris 26). The chance of cloning a person at the undeveloped organism stage permits one clone to be utilized as a cell tissue and organ bank for the other. Undeveloped cloning has a background marked by noteworthy turns of events and revelations that have happened uniquely in the previous ten or twenty years. In the nineteen eighties and mid nineteen nineties, advanced fetal and embryological research was prohibited by the United States Reagan and Bush organizations because of weight from genius life groups of the Republican party. In any case, these guidelines against examination into the dubious field were loose significantly with the beginning of the more genius decision Clinton organization. In October 1994, Robert J. Stillman stunned the world with the updates on his fruitful cloning of seventeen defective human undeveloped organisms at George Washington Medical Center (Dyson Harris 276) in the United States. Occasions, for example, this have kept on starting incensed discussion in the course of recent years. In December 1998, Professor Lee Bo-Yeon of Korea made and murdered the primary human clone, a lot to the consternation of various weight gatherings. In July this year, researchers of the United Kingdom started to freely misuse an escape clause in the Governments administering of the dismissal of extra part cloning research. The escape clause permits the specialists to proceed with tests by bringing in foundational microorganisms from cloned incipient organisms which have been made and wrecked in another nation. There is a fairly amazing measure of health advantages emerging from restorative cloning research which must be weighed before we evaluate where the discussion is right now at. Specialists lay all around established desires that by having the option to examine the various undeveloped organisms created through cloning, the reasons for terrible unconstrained premature births can be resolved and much human misfortune can be deflected. An incredibly reasonable application lies in the field of clinical contraceptives. Driving preventative masters see that on the off chance that they can decide the way wherein an undeveloped organism realizes where to embed itself, a prophylactic can be created which will keep incipient organisms from embedding in the uterine divider. An also significant part of helpful cloning research is early stage foundational microorganism improvement. Undeveloped cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into practically any kind of cell (Lord 28) inside the human body. These cells are not assaulted by a people safe framework in light of their quick development and undifferentiated status. .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 , .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .postImageUrl , .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 , .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:hover , .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:visited , .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:active { border:0!important; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:active , .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5 b02b34aec2 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1755733abf804f115161d5b02b34aec2:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Flight 93 EssayMany specialists have motivation to accept that these undifferentiated organisms could be utilized to supplant harmed cell tissue in grown-up people with cerebrum and sensory system harm. In view of the enormous measure of cells required, human incipient organism cloning will help the possible implantation of those cells essentially. Disease examination is presumably the most critical explanation behind investigation into helpful cloning. Oncologists accept that early stage study will propel the comprehension of the fast cell development of malignant growth. Malignancy cells create at generally a similar uncommon speed as early stage cells. By examining the early stage cell development, researchers might have the option to decide how to stop it and, thus, likewise stop disease development. Hereditary incipient organism screenings is a part of cloning research which is now getting progressively powerful and exact inside emergency clinics in England. Guardians who have a background marked by hereditarily acquired infections, for example, cystic fibrosis would now be able to utilize an incipient organism screening to decide whether their kid has gotten the broken quality. The more restoratively faulty utilization of cloned incipient organisms is for save parts. By freezing cloned undeveloped organisms, it is conceivable to later defrost and embed one into the uterine divider for the advancement of an indistinguishable kid. This embryo would then have the option to give any organs or bone marrow transplants to spare the life of the first youngster without the need of being conveyed to a nine months full term. This last application certainly starts to bring up the issue of what moral status an incipient organism ought to have, if any whatsoever. The vital debate lies in the unmistakable contradiction with regards to whether we can arrange human undeveloped organisms as individuals; or all the more accurately people. One of the bigger issues in this discussion is an equivalent absence of information on the two sides. On the off chance that one says the word incipient organism, individuals imagine a picture of a very little infant. Heads, arms and eyes are normally envisioned; this is totally inaccurate. As referenced beforehand, the undeveloped organism shows up as a little bowl of cells when seen with the unaided eye. The cells have not started to change yet, there is no sensory system. Then again, after an improvement time of absolutely fourteen days the development of the sensory system, including the mind, is started by means of the conclusion of the neural cylinder. This procedure is finished after the eighteenth day of advancement. The discussion here exists in the topic of whether early stage cells, even before the fourteenth day, merit a similar good remaining as completely created people. Just like the case with the premature birth banter, we are attempting to characterize where life starts by utilizing various ideal models which conflict rather viciously; logical versus strict, human-centric versus ecocentric and political versus the majority. Weight bunches against helpful cloning take inconsequential occasions and sensationalize them so as to influence the contention. A variety of individuals currently keep up that cloning can accidentally slaughter the clone; this started from the episode that a bovine cloned with DNA from a grown-up cell may have passed on due to mistakes in its DNAs hereditary reconstructing. Little subtleties and episodes inside the restorative cloning lead to alarming allegations and assumed real gauges. There is a torrent of gatherings and segments of the worldwide network that continually share their exceptional moral points of view on the restorative cloning banter. The strict network overwhelmingly restricts all human cloning systems. The tenets of such religions as Catholicism, Judaism and Buddhism immovably have faith in the idea of the human spirit. It is simply the inward otherworldly which is accepted to be conceived from the absolute first second of origination. For the most part all religions accept that the demonstration of homicide is inaccurate;

General Motors and United Auto Workers Union Case Study

General Motors and United Auto Workers Union - Case Study Example Nonetheless, there is a whole other world to be done if GM is to evade insolvency, or rise up out of a redesign procedure as a monetarily solid organization. This paper will look at the alternatives that the UAW, GM, and their administration have, and cause proposals with respect to dealing with the time-based compensation issues at GM. The UAW's time-based compensation is separated into three principle classes and a few sub-classifications. As of December 2008, the all out pay was involved the time-based compensation of $30 every hour, premium installments of $10 every hour, and present and future advantages of $33 (Sherk). Premium installments incorporate additional time pay, move premiums, and excursion and occasion pay. Advantages incorporate wellbeing and disaster protection, incapacity, joblessness advantages, and annuity installments. The wellbeing and retirement benefits paid to retirees is viewed as a present pay cost, and as per Sherk, Since there are more resigned than dynamic workers this causes it to give the idea that GM representatives acquire undeniably more than they really do. Lessening the hourly remuneration to the $50 objective will necessitate that GM and the UAW take a gander at all these zones with an end goal to discover cost sparing chances. A focal key to sparing work costs is diminishing the size of the workforce. Right now GM has set up a 'buyout' program that repays the representative with up $45,000 money quickly (Bunkley 2). Consequently, the worker cuts off all ties with GM, and the expense of present and future advantages is diminished to zero. While the ongoing round of buyouts brought about 7500 specialists leaving GM, 14000 stay at GM who are qualified for the program. Be that as it may, GM ended the program toward the beginning of April 2009 and has made no arrangements to reestablish or proceed with it. The cash spared through the buyout program is basic since it spares in the present moment just as the drawn out future advantages, for example, medical coverage and retirement annuities. 66% of the qualified specialists declined the game plan, however GM could expand the motivator with an end goal to build that number. Further intentional decreases in the workforce will permit GM to rebuild its product offerings in a situation of higher profitability with less representatives. The way that the workforce decreases are willful keeps up great representative relations just as Union/Management collaboration. A GM that is decreased in size will permit them to concentrate on the product offerings that have the most potential for deals development. GM has made some ace dynamic moves toward this path by reporting the end of 13 plants, eliminating the Pontiac brand, and eliminating 21,000 hourly positions (GM to Phase Out Pontiac Brand). Passage, who has diminished hourly remuneration to about $55 every hour has sought after a comparable procedure and said that the figure would keep on declining as more laborers took buyouts and as the new-vehicle advertise recuperated, permitting expanded creation (Bunkley 2). An expansion of the buyout program by GM, an additional motivation for exploiting it, and the expa nded profitability would put GM comparable to Ford at $55 every hour. Further decrease in the time-based compensation could be cultivated by more intently constraining the

How Weather Effected The Operation Of The Dessert Storm Term Paper

How Weather Effected The Operation Of The Dessert Storm Term Paper How Weather Effected The Operation Of The Dessert Storm â€" Term Paper Example > INTRODUCTIONOperation desert storm event is a ground and air assault which was the first part of the military operation against the Iraq forces that are said to have invaded Kuwait. Greenberg and Walter eds. , (1993) describe operation desert storm as a military event embedded in a much wider military-political campaign (Greenberg and Walter eds. , 1993). The military event popularly known as the first Gulf War was a successful U. S allied response to Iraq's attempt to overwhelm neighboring Kuwait. Waged by Iraq, the military campaign was aimed at gaining political and economic hegemony over the Persian Gulf region. This war began on July 1990 after the defense intelligence agency said that a brigade of the Hammurabi division of the Iraq defense force had actually moved to the southern part of Iraq which is opposite the southern border with Kuwait (Finlan, 2003). Reports claim that the war ended within a period of one hundred hours where the American soldiers defeated the Iraq for ces in a ground operation in the year 1991. The gulf war or the Persian war which was between Iraq and the Kuwait allies which were the United States of America and Kuwait led to the liberation of Kuwait from Iraq invaders (Gordon and Bernard, 1995). The coalition force composed of thirty nations that jointly launched air strikes on the Iraq forces that were in Kuwait including a number of Iraq targets in the Iraq proper took at least thirty eight days and were overwhelmingly conducted by the united states of America and the British war planes. The Operation desert storm event eventually led to Kuwait's liberation in 1991. In addition, the battlefield brought a new era of military technology as air force weather forecasting technology (Schubert Kraus, 1995). Historical backgroundOperation desert storm is one of the military operations said to have been a military political campaign wedged against Iraq as an attempt to overwhelm neighboring Kuwait. The operation desert storm which is also referred to as the first gulf war is said to have been successful according to the United States of America allies in the retaliation response to save the Kuwait (Allen, Clinton Berry Norman, 1991). All this happened due to Kuwait’s request to be liberated in the year 1991. Kuwait is said to have been a British protectorate back in the years of 1889 and the British forces are said to have protected the area until 1961 and Kuwait was initially part of Iraq until the year 1923 when the borders are said to have been drawn. After the end of the British protection, Kuwait joined the Arab league something that Iraq objected so much claiming that Kuwait was actually part of its territory. This led to the formation of the constitution by the Kuwait leadership in the year 1963 (Clancy and Fred, 1997). By January 23, the Emir held the executive power and organized a group of ministers elected a national assembly. Sources claim that later on in the course of the year Iraq gave up its claims on the Kuwait territory but later on started claiming it again under its regime leader who was a dictator and a desperate man Sadam Hussein and therefore he invaded it again (Friedman, 1991). This was followed by a series of threats from Iraq to Kuwait and surprised the whole world when he later on invaded it, it is said that it took Sadam Hussein hours to seize a large portion of the Kuwait territory like the down town city to the south border of Saudi Arabia (Gellman, 1991). Despite warning from the United States for Iraq to evacuate the Territory of Kuwait, Sadam Hussein the president of Iraq defiled the warnings and appeals. The Iraq regime defied the United Nations resolutions and by the 17th of January its soldiers were still in Kuwait (Freedman and Karsh, 1993).

Biological Criminal Behavior Essay - 1855 Words

Biological Criminal Behavior Jordan Miller, Amy Showers, Sarah Wilson, Myron Reynolds, Cristine Saldate, Aisha Peeples CJA 314 May 14, 2012 Alonzo Medina Biological Criminal Behavior People perceive that crime, primarily violent crimes, such as murder, is the most serious crime society faces in modern times. This has led to efforts by many research groups to attempt to find the cause of such criminal behavior. The focus of such research is biological issues with the belief that a biological basis in criminals does exist and that understanding biology is useful when attempting to predict the individuals who may be predisposed to criminal activity in the future. Research in the 1960s suggested that males with an extra Y chromosome†¦show more content†¦Andrea was eventually released from the hospital and was directed to receive out-patient care and was also prescribed Haldol. Her doctor warned Andrea and Rusty that another pregnancy and bearing another child may contribute to future episodes of psychotic behavior. Shortly after her release from the hospital, at the suggestion of her husband, Rusty, Andrea became pregnant once again and decided to quit takin g the Haldol prescribed to her. She gave birth to her fifth child, Mary, on November 30, 2000. Andrea coped well until her father passed away four months later. Her mental state immediately began to digress. She quit feeding the newborn Mary, refused to eat or drink, began self mutilation, and quit talking. She also began reading the Bible more frantically (Montaldo, 2012). Shortly after her father passed away in March 2001, Andrea was admitted to another hospital. She was treated briefly by her psychiatrist, Dr. Mohammed Saeed. Saeed also prescribed Haldol to Andrea claiming that she did not seem psychotic. After her release she sub-sequentially returned a few months later in May. After 10 days, Andrea was released yet again. Her follow-up visit with Dr. Saeed consisted of his telling her to consider seeing a psychologist and to think positive thoughts. Rusty had arranged for his mother to come over and help Andrea with the children after he left for work for several days after she was released from the hospital. On the second day Andrea decidedShow MoreRelatedBiological Criminal Behavior1805 Words   |  8 PagesBiological Criminal Behavior The studies of biological behaviors have shown that criminals with a passion for their crime tend to have a genetic or physiological issue that plays a major part in their criminal activities. Gary Ridgway and John Hinckley Jr. portrayed significant degrees of physiological issues that may have contributed to the crimes they committed. Lack of education, moral support, love, and self-accomplishments may have also provided behaviors out of the norm. Criminal activitiesRead MoreBiological Explanations of Criminal Behavior1430 Words   |  6 PagesBiological Explanations of Criminal Behavior Nature and nurture contribute to the way a person behaves. This can be applied to the behaviors of criminals. According to Fishbein (1990, pg.37), â€Å"behavior [is] primarily attributed to inherited predispositions and genetic influences.† Nurture is the environmental influence that shape human behavior (Fishbein, 1990, pg.37). Human genetics and environmental factors contribute to the uniqueness to a person’s behavior. However, there are underlyingRead MoreBiological Theories Of Criminal Behavior844 Words   |  4 PagesBiological Theories are vastly growing with fascinating research. The main stump is concretely linking it to criminal behavior, because some theories are more relatable than others. Theories involving temperament and hormones give real life biological explanations, while others like extrovert and introvert behaviors, and neuroticism explain a weaker link to crime. However, all theories are valuable in exploring the root of crime. Temperament can be described as the natural mood disposition determinedRead MoreBiological Criminal Behavior Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesBiological Criminal Behavior and Angela Yates Ceretha Butler, Angela De Libero, Tameka James, Sam Price, Michael Palazuelos CJA/314 5/20/2013 Professor Judy Mazzucca Biological Criminal Behavior Through-out history criminal intents have escalade from small crime to federal crimes seen in cases today. Research have proven genes influence the outcome of a behavior in a criminal behavior and the type of attach committed to his or her victim. This crimes are taught in the schoolRead MoreEssay about Biological Criminal Behavior1053 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the behavior of an individual that can be linked to the specific behaviors demonstrated by an offender that would classify them as a psychopath. Along with other research that looks into an individual’s genetics to see if that plays a role in defining or making a psychopath. John Allen Muhammad, also known as the D.C. sniper, was labeled as a psychopath when he terrorized D.C. for two weeks, taking thirteen victims and killing ten of them. This paper will go over the behaviors that constituteRead MoreThe Biological And Psychological Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1764 Words   |  8 PagesCrime is adaptatio n to life stress. It is best understood in terms of the manner in which the individual experiences the biological, psychological and socially determined situations of his existence. (Halleck, 1967, p. 63) The modern police department was born out of urban mob violence that tormented the nation’s cities during the nineteenth century. The new police departments were replacements for the night-watch systems and relegated constables and sheriffs to serving court orders and running jailsRead MoreEssay about CJA 314 biological criminal behavior1492 Words   |  6 PagesBiological Criminal Behavior CJA/314 â€Æ' Biological Criminal Behavior Andrea Yates had battled with postpartum depression for years and on June 20, 2001, she drowned all five children in the bathtub of her home. 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There is also William Sheldonâ€℠¢s theory of body types, called the somatotypeRead MoreThe Rational Choice and Biological Trait Theories Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesCriminals have been committing crimes for centuries, and they are always fooling the police detectives and federal agencies sometimes. If the justice departments would actually look at the persons thought processes and reasoning before a crime is committed, the justice departments will be able to answer the reason for the crime. The different departments could possibly figure out why the criminal did what they did in the first. For instance, they should use a couple of criminology theories to helpRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime Is Not An Easy Task1105 Words   |  5 Pagesfor criminal behavior and the factors that flow with them. Criminologists have developed many theories or perspectives of crime. The perspectives recognize the cause of crime by the related qualifies of criminals and populations with high crime rates. Two perspectives of crime s tood out from the wide variety, biological and psychological. In some cases biological and psychological explanations of crime run hand in hand, however the two perspectives focus on very different products of criminal behavior

Why I Chose Social Work As A Profession - 1241 Words

I would love to be able to list concrete reasons for why I chose social work as a profession, but it feels more existential than that. It is a profession that begins in the core of who a person is, or who they aspire to be. Social work is one of those professions that, at some point in your life, chooses you. When I was young, my brother struggled with drug addiction. It was a very difficult time for our family. My family was careening toward ruin, and my brother’s addiction was the driving force. He was not the vibrant and funny boy I knew him to be. Luckily, we weathered the storm together and, in time, my brother recovered. He is now a happy, healthy, and thriving man. What I learned most during this time was empathy. I learned that at†¦show more content†¦It was then that social work chose me. It was then that I wanted to make a difference. At that time, I did not yet know how, but the seeds were planted, waiting patiently to grow. Since that time, my youngest son, Cory, was born. He was diagnosed with ADHD within the first month of first grade. The diagnosis was not a shock to us as he has always been quite spirited, and he lacked an appropriate level of impulse control. I value education as a foundation for a bright future, so I committed myself to working with Cory, his teachers, and other school personnel to ensure a positive school experience for my son. I spent many days in the classroom working with not only Cory but many of the children who were struggling to ‘catch up’ as well. I enjoyed helping; I enjoyed making an impact on the children’s lives and to see the pride bloom on each little face with every new achievement. However, I knew that teaching was not for me, that is when the dream and passion for social work sprouted and took root. I began my social work education in January of 2014 at Wayne State University as a student of the WOW! Program. I work very well under pressure, and I genuinely enjoyed the rigorous curriculum. It has been my active intention to learn social work practice, to challenge myself to genuinely draw knowledge and a greater understanding from each assignment. I do this simply because I want to

Rh Bill - 1177 Words

TOPIC: National Technology Policy Initiatives MAIN ISSUE STATEMENT: Are you in favour of the legalization of Reproductive Health bill in the Philippines? The Reproductive Health Bill, known as the RH Bill, are Philippine bills aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. The bills have become the center of a contentious national debate. There are presently two bills with the same goals: House Bill No. 4244 or An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes introduced by Albay 1st district Representative Edcel Lagman, and Senate Bill No. 2378 or An†¦show more content†¦Many opponents of these practices point to the Hippocratic Oath and its prohibition on hastening death. But those who turn to the oath in an effort to shape or legitimize their ethical viewpoints must realize that the statement has been embraced over approximately the past 200 years far more as a symbol of professional cohesion than for its content. Its pithy sentences cann ot be used as all-encompassing maxims to avoid the personal responsibility inherent in the practice of medicine. Ultimately, a physicians conduct at the bedside is a matter of individual conscience. The wisdom of past years and moments enters into the deliberation, but decision making in the present bears a burden that is unique to the particular transaction between the doctor and the individual patient who has come for help. To seek refuge in ancient aphorisms is to turn away from the unique needs of each of our patients who have entrusted themselves to our care. 3. No, because Martin Gold, JD, Counsel of Record, wrote in his Oct. 2009 Amicus Curiae brief Bioethicists Supporting Respondents inVacco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg:Show MoreRelatedRh Bill Agree or Disagree1580 Words   |  7 PagesInstructor: Ms. Elaine RH Bill: Agree or Disagree The country of the Philippines is one of the world’s developing countries with an enormous growth of population. Due to the fact that the population growth leads the Filipino people to starvation, crime rate increase, unemployment, lack of public facilities, all of these are related to the population growth because RH bill or the Reproductive Health Bill is still in controversy and still a concern of our Philippine Government. The RH bill has not reachedRead MoreThe Effects of Rh Bill to the Society4383 Words   |  18 PagesHouse of Representative, find that it is the most common issue that our country today. That’s why Reproductive Health Bill or RH Bill was created. As cited in the blog posted about the RH BILL by mhlannie. â€Å"What is RH BILL is All About† at mhlannie-whatisrhbillisallabout.blogspot, Jun 21, 2011: â€Å"The  Reproductive Health bills, or popularly known as  Ã‚  RH bill, are  Philippine  Bills  aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information on  birth control  and maternal care.  It is a way of helpingRead MoreRelated Literature -Rh Bill1675 Words   |  7 Pagesamong many workers, as well as in fiscal and environmental externalities (Pernia, et al. 2004). The House Bill No. 5043, more commonly known as the Reproductive Health Bill of 2008, which is in substitution to House Bill Nos. 17 (Adolescent Reproductive Health), 812 (Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population Development), 2753 (Womens Right to Know Act) and 3970 (Bill Enhancing the Philippines’ Labor Dispute Settlement System) was introduced during the first regular session ofRead MoreShould The Legislature Make Its Goal Of 100 Days?1035 Words   |  5 Pagesoperating with a smooth efficiency not seen in decades, which was on display last week when the House voted on 70 bills in 2 ½ hours. Compare that to the end of session efforts last year, when it took the House 19 hours to consider 150 bills. 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Introduction As of 2014, Philippines has a population of 100,617,630 people, making it the twelfth most populated country in the world. The current population has an increase of almost sixteen million people since the year 2000 and is estimated to increase even more over the next 37 years . Overpopulation can be seen in all parts of Philippines including Dumaguete, which has a population of 120,883 people and has an average of 6 persons perRead MoreThe Rh Law And Its Implementations Essay3412 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract This study uncovered the truth about the RH Law and its implementations. The RH Law was purposefully constructed to answer the issue of poverty, economic development and overpopulation. It also addresses certain problems of the country like gender inequality, abortion, teenage pregnancy due to premarital sex, and women deprivation. 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Dale Bernard Tuddao, HB 101, Akbayan Representatives Kaka Bag-ao Walden Bello; HB 513, Muntinlupa Representative Rodolfo Biazon, HB 1160, Iloilo Representative Augusto Syjuco, HBRead MoreThesis Proposal: Rh Law in the Philippines2075 Words   |  9 PagesFramework of the Study Introduction of the Study On August 16, 1999, the first version of what is known as the Reproductive Health Bill is filed in the 11th Congress as House Bill 8110. Nothing came out of House Bill 8110. In the succeeding 12th Congress, Rep Bellaflor Angara filed a similar bill. House Bill 4110 was the first bill to be called the Reproductive Health Bill. The bill was refiled and refiled until it made progress in the 14th Congress. It reached the stage in the legislative process whereRead MoreOverpopulation in the Philippines4001 Words   |  17 Pagesparticularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. So the government resorted to drafting a bill that drew the ire of the conservative and the Catholic Church. Foremost is the reproductive health bill, which was authored by Senator Pia Cayetano and Congressman Edcel Lagman. The bill underwent rough sailing on the legislative seas. The President is set to sign the bill into law before 2012 ends. DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE Reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses

An Analysis of Representation of Masculinity free essay sample

These magazines are the February 201 1 edition of Kerning and the March 008 edition of NAME, separated by three years to also compare if concepts have changed over the years, I will closely analyses the message these magazines send out to both men and women and how it effects them both, whether it gives them expectations of what to expect in a man or it gives them aspirations to achieve the goal of what these messages put across. As said in the Boys to Men: Media Messages about Masculinity the medias portrayal of men tends to reinforce mens social dominance. The concept of masculinity has been around for hundreds of years.There have been many tidies and theories that have derived from this idea of masculinity and recently these theories have been applied to music as a link to masculinity. Frauds concept of placements is embodied in Rock Music as the guitar can be seen to be phallic symbol, a symbol of dominance and power, something that men of today, and centuries before today have strives to have. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Representation of Masculinity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1 999, Children Now, a California-based organization that examines the impact of media on children and youth, released a report entitled Boys to Men: Media Messages about Masculinity.The report argues that the medias arterial of men tends to reinforce mens social dominance. The report observes that: * the majority of male characters in media are heterosexual * male characters are more often associated with the public sphere of work, rather than the private sphere of the home, and issues and problems related to work are more significant than personal issues * Non-white male characters are more likely to experience personal problems and are more likely to use physical aggression or violence to solve those problems.In 1 952 NAME was released and became the most influential music magazine in the UK veering Indies/rock music. The magazine is known today as one of the top grossing magazines in the country being constant competition for the other music magazines published. Just like eve ry other magazine, the front cover is a vital part of the magazine. It is the first aspect of the magazine readers will see so therefore must capture the characteristics people look for in magazines to ensure purchase.NAME covers, feature the same ideologies each week; a popular artist or group (usually male), the color scheme red, black and white (unless it is a special edition, in which case the color scheme will elate to the main article or the theme of the issue) and finally the mast head in it well known font style and color. The February 2008 issue cover presents its format in its own individual style in a way to make it a unique magazine. The focus of this issue is the main image of enjoy male artists; they give direct eye contact with the audience looking down at the camera, presenting the idea of them being dominant over the reader.The men are wearing black clothing, a mysterious and dominant color which creates an image of rebellion and hiding their motives from the world. It is said that Cultural types ? such as the gentleman, the everyda y man, or the rebel are the staple representation of gender in popular fiction because they are easily recognizable and condense a range of important attitudes and values meaning, that the way magazine producers present the men on their cover determines how their audience will recognize the values and attitudes the producers are trying to portray to them.The graphics used on the front cover also plays a Vital role in how masculinity is represented in this magazine. First of all, the cover always features the well known and easily cognizable mast head, situated at the top left hand Corner Of the page, in a large, bold, block font. This large and bold text catches the eye of the audience and will therefore be the first thing that people will recognize the magazine by. In addition to this, the strap lines, placed variously around the main image, allow the audience to gain more information about the issue and its content.An example of this would be Tom Clark VS.. Fairs Rooter which grabs the audiences attention and the fact that the names are of two men gains the appeal of men as they can immediately relate to them. By using the rod VS. also gives the impression of fighting and violence, which is known to be a very masculine tendency as it relates to dominance and control, two things men aspire to become. The Marxist concept of hegemonic masculinity States that the man should have; Physical force and control, occupational achievement, familial patriarchy, frontiersman-ship and heterosexuality.NAME is very powerful and well known in the music industry, especially the Indies genre of it, Indies (independent) guitar rock is a post-punk submerge of independent or alternative rock, featuring mainly white, male groups playing mainly electric guitars, bass and drums these present what can be seen as stereotypical characteristics of Indies music giving the idea that music is a subject for men. Kerning began publications on 7th June 1981 , as a genre specific magazine aimed at the rise of British heavy metal and other hard rock acts and has continued to today and has become the main competition for NAME.The layout of Kernin g and NAME are fairly similar, and the magazine covers themselves share certain conventions. Similarly to NAME the focus Of the cover is the main image of the lead singer of the group Black Veil Brides Andy Barriers, in a close up shot looking directly into the camera to gain eye contact with the audience giving the impression that Hess looking at them personally. His impression is one of disappointment and challenge, an attempt to convince the audience to buy the magazine whilst seeming disappointed by the fact that the audience need to be convinced to buy it rather than automatically buying it. This challenging expression appeals to men because the idea of challenge encourages them to present their masculinity by accepting the challenge, thus causing them to buy the gagging making it seem as if the publishers of the magazine seem to know how to manipulate their audience. His black leather clothing presents the idea of rebellion and breaking from the rules of society, having the ability to control your own life and have power rather than be controlled and dominated which is exactly what men want, they want a feeling of power and dominance over others to achieve this high level of masculinity.The graphics used on this cover have the same conventions as the previous magazine, it is eye catching, using contrasting colors and a bold font to stand out grabbing he readers grabbing the readers attention immediately. However, one main convention that does differ is the layout Of the cover lines. Kerning contains a lot more pugs providing extra information and offers available for th e reader bringing with them an appeal to the audience at the idea of free posters and chances to win competitions providing the idea of superiority at the possibility of being a winner.The magazine uses several enigma codes in each strap line as it creates a need to know more invoking the reader to find out more through buying the magazine. This magazine cover is essential to encoding how masculinity is linked and connected to music, especially alternative and rock music as Studies address how masculinity and sexuality are represented in rock performance; both musically and visually. A number of these studies use examples of cook rock or heavy metal as these musical styles present clear examples Of male display, employing macho poses and rasping vocals.

Disparity And Discrimination Essay Example

Disparity And Discrimination Essay Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today Kimberly Acreman Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice CJA/423 Brian Bugge January 25, 2010 Today’s criminal justice system encounters several difficult and problematic circumstances. However, the following paper will refer to involvement in disparity and discrimination within court procedures and law enforcement. Each situation discussed will pertain to disparity and discrimination within today’s criminal justice system. In some situations disparity can result from discrimination. The following paper will provide examples, definitions, contrast of disparity and discrimination, and comparison. Disparity is based on two elements known as legal and extralegal and do not mean discrimination exactly. The legal element supplies lawful explanations for decisions based on one’s criminal behavior and record. For instance, in court when determining a sentence or amount of time one should receive for breaking the law by burglary, rape, murder, etc. Another instance, law enforcement officials arrest an individual for burglary based on the individual’s past criminal history, and the fact that the individual was not far from the scene of crime. The extralegal element contains gender, lifestyle, class status, and nationality. However, these particular elements are not lawful basis for determinations. For instance, in court the determination of sentencing for individual to serve will not be based on nationality, but rather on statics of the population and community; as well as the appearance of the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Disparity And Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Disparity And Discrimination specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Disparity And Discrimination specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In result, discrimination constitutes a different approach or determination against individuals based on nationality, religion, class status, etc. Discrimination is composed of four types known as systematic, contextual, institutionalized, and individual discriminating acts. Systematic is the discrimination within the criminal justice system, contextual pertains to particular crimes, institutionalized pertains to the criminal record and behavior, and finally the individual acts of discrimination is the individual’s own actions. For instance, law enforcement officials notice a woman on a street that is known for prostitution but what the law enforcement officials do not know is the woman is walking home from the bar. The law enforcement officials pull over, stop the woman, and arrest her based on the outfit she is wearing. Therefore, the result was based on the woman’s appearance and location she must be a prostitute. Another instance of discrimination would be a Middle Eastern woman who is accused of making terroristic threats. The judge does not base his decision on lack or quality of evidence, but rather bases his decision on nationality and history. Therefore, the judge decided the Middle Eastern woman was guilty based on assumptions or stereotypes of Middle Eastern individuals. The end of result of the judge’s determination led to people on the outside looking in and wondering if we as a country have any unity among individuals of different nationalities. Therefore, when comparing disparity and discrimination they are alike because they both focus on sentencing an individual for a crime committed either in court or by arrest. Both disparity and discrimination assist in determining on whether or not an individual is guilty or an assumption that an individual is guilty. When contrasting disparity and discrimination an individual is sentenced on a separate scale that is typically harsher. Discrimination separates into several difficult situations that compare to disparity, but are limited in the area. Discrimination can be possible and yet ending in results. However, they are not the same. Therefore, we can decrease the chance of discrimination by making sure that all laws are applied equally to all individuals who break them. If an African American is arrested and charged for a drug offense, and it is their first offense then the individual should receive the same sentence determination as any other individual with regard to their personal criminal history and the seriousness of the crime. What many people ponder about is how can just as many white people deal drugs as African Americans, but yet they receive unequal and unfair punishments with one another. Therefore, constant and consistent punishments are crucial to decline disparity and maybe even deduct the belief that our system discriminates. The biggest obstacle will be to make sure that all local and state departments come together to reach a solution that everyone can agree with. This is the biggest obstacle because every area from rural to urban to city have their own crimes that they are tougher and more lenient on. However, it is these particular inconsistencies that fault our system and makes people whole heartedly believe that our system discriminates (2006, Rivera). In closing, discriminating situations do happen within our justice system, and it is crucial for our system that reform is developed. Without some come of reform that focuses on racial disparities within our system the next generation of prisoners will be created. Therefore, reform is crucial to cease any disparities and discrimination within our system to resolve the particular issues pertaining to disparity and discrimination. Reference Rivera, B (2006, March 15) Disparity verses Discrimination in the Justice System. Retrieved January 23, 2010 from: http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/23944/disparity_vs_discrimination_in_the_pg3 [The abbreviation for page in an in-text citation is p. ] . html

Toothpick Bridges essays

Toothpick Bridges essays Building a toothpick bridge is much more complicated than many people realize. In order to build a successful bridge, one must research bridges in order to find which bridge is the best in a particular situation. There are several types of bridges and all of them have different places in which they will be used. Some bridges are used to span across a small freeway, others are used to span across a deep gorge, and other bridges are used to cover over a huge water way. A person must design the perfect bridge in order to hold the desired weight for the bridge. Even the top skilled architects make mistakes while designing a bridge. Although bridges often go ignored, their purpose is essential to modern America. In the 1850s, covered wagons heading west had to move across streams or rivers. Without the right bridges in place, the pioneers would sometimes travel many miles out of the way to find a safe place to cross a river. Other times they waited for days or weeks for flooded rivers to go down until it was safe to cross. Crossing rivers was a dangerous part of early travel. Narrow wheels sank into the muddy river bottoms and unpredictable currents took peoples lives and property. Consider how long it would take to cross a river today if bridges were not included in the roads. Consider how the movement of people, goods, and services would be affected without highway systems, which include bridges. The entire American economy as we know it would be hurt greatly. There are six basic modern bridge forms: the beam, the truss, the arch, the cantilever, the cable-stay, and the suspension. A beam bridge is made of long timber, metal, or concrete beams anchored at each end. If the beams are arranged in triangles, so that each shares only a portion of the weight on any part of the structure, the result is a truss bridge. An arch bridge has a curved shape causing the vertical force of the weight it carries to produce a horizontal...

Explain the differences between globalization and modernization Essay

Explain the differences between globalization and modernization. Explain why people are migrating all over the globe Is this migration based on economics, politics or social changes - Essay Example According to He, the modern societies are considered healthier and wealthy and people in the non-developed countries are willing to adapt western culture and lifestyles since it is considered modern (p 242). It is evident that societies that are considered modern have a higher quality of life due to efficient transport infrastructure, higher income levels, quality healthcare and better education systems (He 244). Globalization and modernization differ in many aspects since globalization is mainly spearheaded by global economic integration while modernization is spearheaded by social development of the society. Globalization influences the international division of labor, allocation of capital, and national power thus leading to inequalities among the nations. In this case, modernization is a global process while globalization is just one of the phenomenon of modernization, but the two have no direct connections (He 240). Globalization has been influenced by the deregulation of national economies, formation of international trade and finance organizations, and intensity of competition in domestic markets that has forced the firms to expand to foreign markets. On the other hand, modernization is driven by the desire to attain higher standards of living, social-cultural shifts towards information and technology and higher education levels (He 245). Globalization is a deliberate process that is undertaken by the national governments through trade agreements and political agreements while modernization is a transition process that takes place due to technologies discoveries that forces society to move from agricultural to industry society and finally to a risky society that is characterized by diversity and individualistic culture (He 247). The transition to a modern society will lead to changes in perceptions on family, religion, politics and economy since modern societies are regarded

Does The World We Have Offer Practical Ways to Protect the Earths Essay

Does The World We Have Offer Practical Ways to Protect the Earths Environment - Essay Example As a means of integrating understanding of this reality, as well as seeking to provide a handful of prescriptions for how this waste can be lessened, the following analysis will integrate with the issue itself, the global trends that are implemented within the current world, and a review of several key recycling programs that can be utilized not only as a means of reducing the solid waste that builds up throughout the nation’s landfills but also providing monetary incentives that are cost positive for inducing recycling. By such an analysis, the reader can come to the understanding of the profound importance that this has and the relevance to the fate of the environment. Even a cursory analysis of the issue promotes the understanding that the nature of the current world has created a situation through which the overall level of trade in the overall level of domestic and international shipping between great partners and individual consumers is unlikely to decrease anywhere in the near future. Conversely, it is reasonable to expect that within the near future trade and international shipping will only increase. As a result of this reality, it is neither realistic, nor profitable to the economy or the individual consumer, to place a level of restrictions upon the overall volume of trade it takes place from one part of the world/one part of the country to another. However, with this being said, placing certain restrictions upon the way in which packing material is represented throughout the market is a reasonable and viable approach. For instance, in the drive to reduce the amount of landfill mass that shipping packaging generates, one effective approac h that could be engaged would be to require any and all shipping operations that integrate with the economy of the world to initiate levels of standardization with regards to the type and content shipping containers/packaging that are utilized

Globalization Strategies In Hollywood

Globalization Strategies In Hollywood Hollywood acts an important role in globalization and Americanization. Hollywood movies not only create the profit of economics, but also produce the global fun which is a form of Americanization. Meanwhile, Hollywood regards Chinese film industry as the most potential international film market. Obviously, Hollywood is drawing support from the strength of the US economics to extend market. After China has participated in WTO, Chinese film and the culture sovereign is confronted to the challenge. As a result, taking Hollywood an example would study the culture globalization and culture Americanization. Furthermore, it could benefit from successful Hollywood movies to find out the strategies of Americanization in order to develop the vitality of Chinese film industry. Current situation of Chinese style movies in Hollywood From Luise Rainer who patted locusts in movie The Good Earth in 1937 to Ingrid Bergman who put on bamboo hat in The Inner of the Sixth Happiness in 1958, and Tom Cruise had jumped down from a high building in Shanghai in Mission Impossible à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢, Chinese culture has affected Hollywood for more than seventy years. In 2008, Kung Fu Panda was coming. Obviously, it utilized more Chinese styles, but the whole film was produced by western teams and Hollywood patterns. Kung Fu Panda occurred in China, where have high mountains and lofty hills, indeed, it is like a traditional Chinese landscape paintings. Moreover, the roles in this film are also attracted audiences, such as the leading charactera lovely panda Bo and others like monkey, snake, tiger and red-crowned crane. All of these elements constitute this film which possesses the romantic charm with WuShu. It happens that there is a similar case, 2012 has showed in 2009. Some of the scenes have taken place in China. Due to the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army and civilians, human beings in the world could be rescued. Even though it is a story, it is no doubt that Chinese style is increasingly significant than before. From this view, Chinese style has two meanings which contain nature sightseeing and human flavor. On one hand, the wilderness in the west and the views which is charming and graceful in south of the Yangtze River constitute the nature sightseeing in Hollywood movies. On the other hand, from some westerns view, swordsmen films represent the typical model of Chinese culture. Therefore, in terms of Chinese style, the human flavor is another central issue of Hollywood. As some researcher has pointed out that film is like a specific culture product (Abercrombie and Longhurst, 2007), in fact, besides its material properties, films draw support from sounds, images, pictures and languages, these elements produce the symbolic signs and ideologies. Meanwhile, it connects with culture fields because films might shape to a sort of power which relates to collective values of society and the politic fields which includes culture intension. Obviously, the globalization in Hollywood has impacted Chinese domestic film industry. More importantly, it distributes American commercial, culture, politics, lifestyle and values to worldwide. Finally, Americanization will affect culture identity in order to achieve the future of world film industry. Due to that, the topic of Hollywood and Chinese film is emerging. Some concepts Globalization and Americanization In the previous articles, the concept of globalization was explained by which meant the expansion of European countries, thereby, achieving the global economics integration (Modelski, 2008). At present, this concept is quoted steadily which states that globalization represents a new phenomenon (King, 1991). Indeed, economic globalization is the core of globalization, and it consists of the multi- concept such as politics, culture, technology, military, security, ideology, lifestyle and the values. Americanization is not a new phenomenon. Even though Stead (1902) has stated that the concept of Americanization for more than hundred years, the real Americanization should be a kind of phenomenon in the middle of twentieth century. Storey (2005) brought up the features of Americanization is people who live all over the world drink Coco-cola every day, eat McDonalds, wear American style or the clothes which are made by America, see Hollywood movies and watch NBA, save and make use of dollars, speak American English, pay more attention to America no matter politics, economics and entertainments. Besides that, Americans export their values, ideas, policy and weapons to worldwide. After all, these features are only existed in studies; in fact, most of people all over the world even interested in Americanization. Above all, globalization is a kind of objective process; it describes the development of the world, as a result, it has undergone a deeply transformation. Although after 1990s, globalization has little changed by Americanization, the characters would not be altered. Americanization just limits the effect of communication in terms of American popular culture, in other words, it might transform the direction of culture in some countries which affected by American. However, Americanization could not completely influence. From this point of view, globalization and Americanization are two completely different notions. The former one is objective, and the latter one is a description of tendency which is in process. Culture globalization and culture Americanization Culture globalization is a kind of tendency which accompanied by the development of association. It seems that different culture exchange and culture identity has increased deeply, thereby, shaping the culture consistency which has the similar value and lifestyle. However, Crane (2002, p.2) stated that the best known model of culture globalization is cultural imperialism theory. Indeed, culture globalization has expressed two aspects (Gang, 2002). On one hand, at present, the content and the space of culture communication is increasingly widely, the acceptance of new culture and traditional one has risen gradually. From the previous development of human beings, due to the limitation of regions, communication of different groups were not active. However, accompanied by the technology and transportation, people in different places are more closed than before. In other word, people are not only confining the trade, but also developing religions and cultures. In general, the culture betw een different groups has already not restricted by region, meanwhile, the level of communication has enhanced. Therefore, globalization is concentrated on the phenomenon of cross-cultural exchange. On the other hand, every nation culture and region culture would reach an overlapping consensus. As I mentioned before, previous human culture had developed with geographical isolation, due to that, the culture difference is obviously. Firstly, globalization brings the circulation of capital, and then different nations would crash by different culture and values. These changes make people possess a wider horizon. As a result, people would adopt and improve their domestic culture, and they would tolerant with other different culture. In this process of seeking common ground while reserving differences, some advantages would be absorbed into the domestic culture system. By contrast, culture Americanization is a sort of phenomenon which makes American mass communication spreads to different countries in order to converge on domestic culture to American culture. It seems that this phenomenon tries to transform a multicultural society to a single culture. Compare to the definition of culture globalization, culture Americanization has changed a tendency which shapes some universal cultural characters, such as the assimilation of values and lifestyles into some specific tendency of American. However, the society of American has existed one kind of ideology. In general, due to the attraction of American culture, it has shaped a new former of global culture which concentrates on American values. Some researchers have upheld this point urgently and expect to achieve their wishes. Charles Krauthammer who is a columnist in Washington Post has written that it has no global mass culture before, therefore, the present culture is forming, and it is the specific American mass culture (Krauthammer, 2006). Hall (1991) argued that globalization is Americanization. It is determined by film and other culture terms. All of these points belong to mass culture, and American has the advantages rather than other countries. In fact, except American, there is no countries would like to become the reproduction of American culture. Culture Americanization has hit the point of researchers who want to product their domestic culture out of America. Some of them have overstated the influence of Americanization so that people are boycotting the cultural Americanization. Especially, few people have distinguished the concept of culture globalization and culture Americanization. Therefore, only understanding the basic notions of globalization and Americanization could study the American phenomenon, such as Hollywood more deeply. Successful reasons why Chinese style is so popular in Hollywood Kung Fu Panda has won the successful achievement no matter in China or in America. Audiences are intoxicated with the Chinese styles. Due to the shape, spirit and meaning, plus the creation, Kung Fu Panda is so popular in China and all over the world. Consequently, Hollywood producers have concentrated on Chinese style in order to attract audiences to appreciate Hollywood films. People feel that the distance of different culture has cut down. More specifically, someone has pointed out that the Hollywood production has overstepped the understanding of domestic culture for Chinese. The reason why Hollywood captured the marrow of Chinese culture is that Hollywood has developed the strategies in China. The Chinese film market in Hollywood eyes Due to China has amount of populations and the economics has grown, China has acted an important role in current society. Indeed, China possesses a significant position in terms of politics, economics and culture. When China wanted to join in WTO in 1999 ¼Ã…’film is an important topic. Because China always has limited foreign investment to enter the domestic film market, America expected Chinese government to admit more America film entering into China. Besides that, some America film company could invest and build new modern cinemas in China. On November 15th, 1999, China and America has reached the agreement which permits foreign company which invests 50 percent stocks engaging the cinema buildings and managements after three years. In fact, from 1920s, Hollywood had entered into China. During 1930-40s, Hollywood film had occupied 75 percent of Chinese market. More apparently, Hollywood was opened by Cecil B.Demille, Ernes Lubitscht and Mickey Mouse. To be honest, the direct result is that Hollywood has cultivated amounts of audiences. Most audiences in these year liked Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks rather than Hu Die or Jin Yan. More interesting, some fans assorted Chinese and Hollywood stars in pairs. However, at that time, some directors also imitated the Hollywood. In 1934, Han Langen acted Song of the Fishermen, from that, he worked with Yin Xiucen so that copied Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. Until 1949, because China has embarked on an independent, self-reliance road, Hollywood films were stooped. Therefore, Hollywood faded out gradually the entertainment in China. After 1980s, when the reform and open policy has suggested in China, meanwhile, with the relationship between China and the whole world h as increasingly closed than before, Chinese culture industry brought the moment for Hollywood, and then Hollywood paid attention to China again. With joined into WTO and one fifth percent of population in the world, even though there are some limitations of laws, cultures and ideology, the Hollywood producers are even addicted to China. As for America, the culture industry in China has not been developed at all. Because China culture industry has not enough investments, technology and regular companies, American producers are so interested in it. Consequently, as for Hollywood, Chinese film market is not only a gold ore, but an undeveloped diamond ore. Almost 1.3 billion potential audiences in China is a temptation for Hollywood. Indeed, when the Chinese film market opens, it will supply a fresh export film market for America, more importantly, China will probably be the second film market in the world, which beyond Europe and Japan. More specifically, in the future, every four Hollywood films would have one subject for China at least. Due to develop the Chinese film market, Hollywood film companies started to research Chinese market in the middle of 1990s. Some of them had established Chinese department, others had employed Chinese students going back to China which assumed an important position. Every film company has got in touch with the organizations which managed films in China. In 1999, Twentieth Century of Fox Film Corporation received the Chinese film delegation. In 2000, Warner Bros. provided financial aids to China in order to hold Chinese Culture in United States in America. Moreover, all of film companies such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayes (MGM), Paramount Pictures, Inc., Warner Bros., Universal Pictures Co., tried to imagine how to enter into Chinese film market. Larry Gleason who is the CEO of MGM said 55 percent of America film incomes were from out of America; meanwhile, China has the most population in the world, it is no doubt that Hollywood must enter into China. Developing the potential of Chinese mar ket will be the aim of MGM. In fact, the points of Larry Gleason have represented most of Hollywood companies. The strategies of Hollywood in China As a developing country, on one hand, China insists on the policy of reform and open, on the other hand, China should retain the socialist system. Due to the political environment of China, Hollywood might confront some barriers if it will get into Chinese market. First of all, Chinese government even keeps the film administrative limitation. Second, there are some differences between Chinese unique culture and Hollywood culture. Thirdly, Chinese film market is in disorder status. Because of that, Hollywood has a clear awareness. Therefore, from these years, Hollywood adopted sorts of strategies to try to overcome and reduce these barriers, thereby, preparing getting into China for maximum effect. Firstly, Hollywood expected to utilize America political power to expand their survival space. Moreover, Hollywood tried to invest and manage the film production industry, distribution industry and project industry, so that it could establish the Chinese film market. Thirdly, Hollywood want ed to take pictures which are acted by Chinese producers or actors or utilize the Chinese style in order to cater to the Chinese audiences. Finally, with other media formers, Hollywood tried to cultivate audiences to possess wider interests in Hollywood, thereby, developing the potential Hollywood market. In general, these strategies had been used in Hollywood history, and it gained the success. As for Hollywood, China is the second Europe, and it would be the new world from their expectation. From the views of promoting Hollywood, America government always acts the role of guard. As for a product, America government sales films to worldwide. Instead of how to make films, government would think about what should they do first in order to create condition for producing. In 1922, America film production has set up The Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association (MPPDA) ¼Ã…’this association has cooperated with government, thereby, striving for abroad benefits. After World War à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡, The Motion Pictures Exports Association of America (MPEAA) was built. This association was duty to address the external transactions. These organizations often kept in touch with the Department of Commerce. Obviously, political factors are always the reinforcements of Americanization. As a result, in the future, America government must strive for the rights through the politics. To some extent, Hollywood is a new force for Americanization. The second strategy of Hollywood globalization is investing other countries film industry in order to set up an organization which is duty to manage it, thereby, controlling foreign film market. In fact, when Hollywood occupied the Europe film market, the first step was co-production and distribution. At present, Hollywood tried to adopt the same method to enter Chinese film market. For instance, Hollywood needs make films with Chinese, on one hand, Chinese film produce system could be bring into Hollywood; on the other hand, it could make a similar pattern which based on Hollywood, and the audiences could be cultivated by the this new pattern film. Take Kodak for example, they once considered choosing one of five countries or districts where has the biggest potential of film industries, Chinese mainland is in it. Fortunately, they have chosen Chinese mainland because they believe film business opportunities in China are the best. Furthermore, Kodak has planned to build up 6 to 8 mod ern cinemas in Beijing, Guangzhou and other big cities. Besides that, Kodak initiated that they would show both foreign language films and domestic films in order to cater to the requirements of Chinese audiences. Consequently, the reason why Hollywood and other film companies would get involved with Chinese film industry is one of the strategies to enter into Chinese film industry. Through the history of Hollywood, it is very fruitful that Hollywood used foreign directors, actors/actresses and subjects to conquer the hearts of foreign audiences. On one hand, all of these foreign sentiments have poured Hollywood into cultural nutrition; on the other hand, it would bring the culture sympathy from foreign countries. To illustrate, Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Li represent the Chinese style influences of Hollywood. This strategy has increasingly covered the brand of Hollywood. At the same time, it regards global film to enter into the Chinese film market. The globalization of Hollywood has not only limited the export of films. Every year, there is a grand ceremony in Hollywood which is called Oscar. Meanwhile, Hollywood is utilizing the auxiliary product of film, such as DVD, books, toys to expand the infiltration of Hollywood. In general, Hollywood has stared at the Chinese film market. For the strategies of globalization in America, Hollywood has not only opened up the second market which is inferior to America, but also weaved many America fables through the American love story and hero story. Therefore, Hollywood would conquer the foreign nations. Hollywood has altered the America to the world; meanwhile, the world is changing by America. Discussions The strategies of Americanization and films With the strategies of Americanization, culture industry, especially the film part is a significant chess for America. When culture has become an industry, the functions of economics and culture have overlapped. Indeed, the exports of cultural product have expanded the economic market, also gains the profits. At the same time, on one hand, these culture products could be sold by America lifestyle or values, on the other hand, culture is like a product and product would express culture, they are interaction. Due to culturae products have gained profits and they also create the meaning of advertisement, all of these elements which contain images, sounds, words, pictures and models have exploited the huge market of America politics and economics. As culturae products have its special meanings, America is making great efforts to be Americanization, especially the Americanization of Hollywood films. Early in 1930s, America government realized that film and other formers of mass culture not only possessed the meaning of industry, but conducted America culture, economics and politics. These mass culture and film would possess a priority function. The export of culture might affect other countries, districts and the awareness of nations, religions, culture even languages, in order to weaken their traditional culture, thereby, creating the memory of nation culture and promoting the mixture of America values and beliefs. Consequently, from World Warà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  , America spread films, TV programmes, records and other mass cultural products to all over the world. During in World Warà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡, Hollywood became an important tool which helped the government conduct America. Films which become the most international media industry play a significant role in culture industry. To some extent, from beginning, Hollywood has spread America to the world and America movies possessed an international horizon. The first ten years of twentieth century, Hollywood producers have begun to set up offices out of America. From World Warà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  , America films have replaced by France, British and Germany, became an international film market. From 1919, foreign film markets have brought into the budget of American films. After 1930s, the income of foreign film market already has accounted for one third to one half profits in total of American films. In other words, World Warà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  and World Warà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡placed American films into the leader of the world in terms of economics and produce. After that, this priority position has not been wavered. Although the sound film had emerged, and the language barriers also had brought some threatens for American fi lms, Hollywood had adapted this method of art and technology changes, thereby, consolidating its powerful position. Until 1995, Hollywood films have possessed almost 75 percent of Europe box office income in total. Moreover, Hollywood even owns film market in Canada, Latin America, Oceania and Asia. Even though in Hong Kong where has been called Eastern Hollywood, American films have consolidated its domestic position. In the late of twentieth century, Hollywood has gained 7.5 billion dollars in America as well as over 6 billion dollars from overseas film markets. It became an important component in America new economics (Rao, 2009). After a half century of international efforts, nowadays, American films have been the world film and Hollywood is prevalent. Hollywood films no longer seemed only in America; instead, it became a byword for films. Consequently, America mass culture does not like an imports objective. Indeed, Hollywood has conquered the whole world, and we are becoming a Hollywood star. In the past ten years, due to commerce and military, the debate of information era and information society has become the main struggle of international politics, economics and culture. In fact, the competition of countries depends on information creation and the speed of circulation. Therefore, dominating the media is controlling the benefits of politics and economics. In other words, creating the media industry is producing the benefits of politics and economics. Due to this global competition, in many developing countries, culture nationalism is emerging. Consequently, because of the conflicts of nationalism and global tendency, how Chinese films would maintain its national orientation under the impact of Hollywood is becoming an inevitable thinking. From a higher level, this is a question which deals with globalization of Chinese culture. The vitality of domestic movies in China Even though Hollywood is a huge threatens for the domestic films, Hollywood would not become the gravedigger of domestic films, especially for China which has oriental culture for thousand years of history as well as suffered from vast disaster. As a matter of fact, Hollywood is impossible to replace the domestic culture in China. Even if in 1990s, Hollywood films had entered into China, it was still a number of domestic films had a higher market allotment in Chinese film market. For instance, in 2000, the income of Mulan and Notting Hill has less than ten millions, but the income of Chinese film Be There or Be Square has over 39 million (Rao, 2009), which had exceeded any of Hollywood films in that years. It seems that the domestic films in China are also having a place to live in after Hollywood is getting into China. The key point of Chinese film industry needs to exploit, cultivate and expand its advantages as well as reduce the disadvantage, thereby, strengthening the vitality o f domestic films. As for China, the Chinese films advantages could provide buffer of space, and they also require a kind of potential. For Chinese films, the most obvious advantage is China has a long history as well as the specific culture tradition. Though from 19 century, western culture has affected China, it also has a large difference between western and China in terms of lifestyles, values and languages. Due to that, film Star Wars which made a great sensation in Europe and United States has not accepted by Chinese audiences. Furthermore, the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon which was directed by Ang Lee was well liked by western audiences rather than China. These examples have showed that China and western countries even has existed the difference, it means Hollywood cannot replace the domestic films, in other words, Chinese films possess their special characters that Hollywood would never have. Therefore, if Chinese films may utilize Chinese traditional resources of culture creatively, the domestic films would occupy an important position in China even in Asia and Chinese culture space in the world. From another point of view, oriental culture tradition might provide a fresh cultural reference to western audiences, thereby, entering into the mainstream of Hollywood. More importantly, China has special condition. Compare to western countries, China is experiencing the transitional era, which transforms traditional society to modern society. Any of the transitional eras are the golden eras of the domestic films, in other words, the transition promotes society relations, interpersonal relations and family relations, due to that, the destiny and values have been altered. Indeed, the true life has provided the materials which are full of dramatic rather than drama as well as it requires much fresher life legend instead of stories. Thus, as for Chinese audiences, on one hand, they need Hollywood produce momentary of imagines; on the other hand, they also use film which is like a mirror to reflect the variation of soul. It should be said that from 1990s, such as The Story of Qiu Ju, Lovers Grief Over the Yellow River, The Treatment have fully utilized the domestic, actual cultural resources to reflect the situation at that moment. All of them are good at combing the social pictures, the ordinary civilians fate to the popular movie patterns. Not only expresses the experiences of transition eras, but also the desire of survival and wisdom, thereby, obtaining the audiences. Therefore, the domestic reality is the cultural superiority of Chinese films. According to the process of globalization, Chinese films also have a significance domestic superiority which is the potential film consumption market. Take Beijing for example, if resident see five films per year, it will reach 6 million RMB in total. Indeed, China has more than 12 million populations, if everyone sees one film per year, though the price is 5 RMB, the income of the whole year should achieve 60 million RMB. This income would support Chinese producers make the excellent domestic films. Moreover, China owns three hundred thousand employees and over hundred years film history, most importantly, there are amounts of talented person who are interested in films, all of these are the advantages of competition. Especially, because China has lower lever economics, the cost of films would less than Hollywood. Therefore, it would become an important strategy of contending for Hollywood. Above all, as I mentioned before, all of them should based on the root, once they come true, the fate of Chinese films would tend to be a bright future. Even though film which is a culture industry would not adapted by all market principles, if Chinese films would not run into market, Chinese films will not be paid attention by the world. Therefore, due to adapt to the market requirements, Chinese film industry must carry on the reformation of industrialization. Overall, Chinese films should make efforts from four aspects in order to open up the international space of Chinese films. First of all, China should establish film produce and distribution organizations which possess the international marketing, thereby, shaping a professional film enterprise. Furthermore, recruiting a number of film management persons who has professional quality of movie as well as carrying on the transitional economics. Thirdly, supporting film companies which produce films according to the requirement of international market, so that film companies could create the domestic film brands which are made in China. Finally, film companies should develop the products which are related to films, with TV, videos, DVD and networks to increase the added values. Conclusion It is no doubt that many people blamed the cultural invasion, even some pointed out that the whole world would be brought into the capitalism system which was hold by powerful capitalism countries. However, some researchers argued that globalization has affected domestic films. Obviously, with the development of globalization, the properties in different countries would not distinguish. When international films become an international culture, it is a risk of cultural environment. Indeed, Chinese film is confronting some challenges and threatens not only from Hollywood. Nevertheless, WTO and Hollywood are just providing an opportunity to refer. As for China, the domestic films must reform to themselves rather than imitating. More precisely, reformation is the only way to live and develop, otherwise, whether Hollywood entered into China or not, Chinese film has no way to go. Consequently, China should explore a kind of film industry and market which is suitable for the condition of China in terms of adapting Chinese politics, economics and cultural principles. The future of globalization not only means the choices of hegemony, but also obtains the equal rights of weakness. To some extent, the diversity of culture is the prerequisite of cultural vitality.

Essay --

Through the ages of United States, school dropout rate has been startling. Although. Historically, high school dropout rates have been steadily declining over past decades. 11.2% high school students dropout in 1994 which is 5.8% less in comparison to 17% dropout in 1970 (Debra Marguerite). Nevertheless, according to data in 2009, one- third of high school students nationwide do not successfully achieve a high school diploma and 1.2 million youths drop out each year-which translates into on dropout every 26 seconds (Enelida, 2010). Dropouts come disproportionately from low-income and minority families. Based on previous study, students from low-income families are substantial likely to leave school prematurely than their peers who is from higher-income family. In some communities, Africa American and Latino made up to 50% of the total dropout number. In fact, in 1970, 17% dropout rate did not constitute a social problem. It was relatively easier for those who dropout to seek adequate paid employment. In today’s social context, the consequences of leaving school without a diploma are more costly (Marguerite). Due to technology advancement, traditional goods-producing economy has transformed to a more service orientated economy. As the result, labor market for blue collar occupations has been shrinking in recent years. Based on Census 2000 data, a suburb of southeast Los Angeles County, California, where dropout rate was nearly 50%, 28% of its inhabitants are impoverished, which is twice the state average of 14%. Even before the financial crisis, nearly half of dropouts were unable to seek paid employment during an entire year. In additional to financial difficulties, high school dropouts are trend to become involved with justice ... ...t dropouts used to describe school life. The school was located in major drug-traffic area of a low income community which is literally one step away for those youth to go on street, engage gang activity and use drug. None of the teachers at Rosa Parks School were a part of the community in which they taught (Ferguson). The sad, shock stories school adults told were based on prejudiced judgment associated with children’s behavior at school, children’s failure as largely the consequence of their attitudes and behaviors as well as those of their families (Ferguson). Families of at-risk children are asserted as lack parental skills; they do not give their children the kind of support that would build â€Å"self-esteem† necessary for school achievement (Ferguson). Faculty should communicate and spend quality time with parents; it helps both sides to understand.

If I Could Live Here!

If I could live in one place out of the country I probably would have to say I would live somewhere in Italy, either in Rome, Venice, or Tuscany. I have always admired Italy because of its beautiful scenery and the magnificent architecture. If I were to live in Italy I would not live in the big city even though it is full of wonderful adventures around every corner and the buildings are magnificent I would probably end up living somewhere out in the country side because of the scenery that is there. All of the antique houses and the magnificent vineyards are just simply breathtaking. If I were to live in Rome, Italy I probably would live in the city because that is where all of their architecture is like the Colosseum, or the Trevi fountain, or Saint Peters Basilica. I would love just waking up in the morning and looking out of my window and seeing these magnificent buildings and being able to enjoy the nightlife. If I were to live in Venice I would probably also live in the city but I would live along the canal because I love the way it looks during the day and night when you are along the canal and the soothing sound of the water. I would also like to live in Venice because of the boat rides that you can take around because I think that would be a fun way to get around anyplace that you go. And if I lived in Tuscany I would defiantly live in the country because the scenery there is simply breathtaking and I would own a small little vineyard and live in a cute little antique house. I love the idea of living in the country because it just looks amazing in the morning at the break of dawn and at sunset. So as you can probably already tell Italy would be my ideal place to live because I just love it. Because not only is it remote and you can stay out of the busyness of the city and go live in the country if that is what you like. But if you like living in the city and seeing all of the architecture. And that’s what I like about Italy is its versatility.

Active Fund Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1917 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction Investors, by their very nature, wish to achieve good returns on their investments, and that too, mostly without taking disproportionate risks. This, unfortunately, is an inherently contradictory desire as high returns are always associated with greater risk. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Active Fund Management" essay for you Create order The current economic scenario provides investors with a number of alternative avenues for growing their assets, which, inter alia, include real estate, bullion, land, art, bonds, bank deposits and of course equity. Equity markets have, in particular, fascinated investors for decades with their promise of huge profits, â€Å"killings† and stories of fortunes built from nothing. Most of these stories, which deal with huge trading profits made by individuals, are of questionable authenticity and anecdotal in nature; nevertheless, they serve to engage the attention of investors and keep their hopes alive through boom and bust times, through depressions and terrorist attacks. In recent years, the activity of investing in equity markets has become increasingly complex and most people have started trusting in the services of specialist organisations that operate through pooled funds; which contain monies contributed by numerous clients. Barclays, the leading global asset management f irm controls assets worth more than 1400 billion dollars.[1] These funds charge fees from their members and employ trained and experienced managers, who are conversant with equity and bond markets and focus solely on optimising the monies entrusted to them. Most fund managers are recruited with care, trained extensively and paid handsomely by their employers. These funds, widely known as Mutual Funds, have a variety of schemes for the benefit of their clients. Mutual funds are often categorised by investment policy. Major policy groups include money market funds; equity funds, which are further grouped according to emphasis on income versus growth; fixed-income funds; balanced and income funds; asset allocation funds; index funds; and specialized sector funds [2] It is the objective of this essay to analyse the functions and methodologies of actively managed funds, with reference to other modes of equity investment, and determine whether their inclusion, in the portfolio of risk-averse investors is desirable. Active fund management refers to a strategy wherein fund managers actively pursue objectives of outperforming specified benchmark indices; in other words they aim to provide returns better than what the market can theoretically give to investors. Active funds, like other mutual funds levy a host of charges on investors that are payable at entry, exit and during the time investors keep their money with them. Fund managers use an assortment of means to achieve their targets, which include the use of ratios, specific sector bets, short selling, use of market inefficiencies and investments in small cap stocks. In a number of cases these measures entail a significant amount of risk. Losses, if and when they occur, are borne by the investors, mostly through the Net Asset Value (NAV) mechanism. 2. The Methodology and Risks Associated with Active Fund Management Actively managed funds are among the fastest growing funds worldwide and increasing num bers of investors are putting their financial assets in the hands of fund managers. Researchers have actively worked on the various mechanisms involved in actual fund management, not only to assess their methodology but also to ascertain their level of success. Studies generally indicate that active funds rarely outperform index funds over sustained periods of time even though there may be phases when they are significantly ahead of index funds. If the cost of fund management is factored into the scheme of things there is a real possibility of the return from actively managed funds not being commensurate with the risks involved; in such case it is difficult to understand how active funds are able to attract so much capital. One school of thought states that the returns from actively managed funds depend upon the quality of fund managers and well managed active funds are able to regularly outperform index or passive funds. However, active management, when thoughtfully executed, ca n potentially add value relative to a static asset allocation implemented through index funds. Investors and their advisors can maximize a portfolio’s potential for alpha by selecting talented managers with low costs and incorporating them into the portfolio in a manner that does not sacrifice control of systematic risk factors.[3] This theory about performance of actively funded funds being dependent upon their management is empirically borne out, to a certain extent, because of the superior long-term performance of some actively managed funds. However, the variables associated with the equity market, the inherent unpredictability of individual share and collective market behavior and the extent of factors that can influence the market, and which remain beyond the forecasting ability, knowledge and control of active fund managers, make such claims untenable. Active fund managers use the help of statistical forecasting tools, fundamental and technical analysis, accepted ma rket models and established stock market theories to make their portfolio decisions. Individual judgmental decisions are seldom, if ever, used. The efficient market hypotheses and the use of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are some of the important theories that help in explaining the nature of equity markets Efficient Market Hypotheses The efficient market hypotheses have three sections, the weak form, the semi strong form and the strong form.[4] The weak form postulates that prices of shares reflect all information in past and current prices and transaction volumes, thus making movements unpredictable and the chances of making profitable trades just about even. The semi strong form goes a step further to state that prices have already factored in additional information such as company and industry data, as well as broad economic data including interest and currency fluctuations and inflation. These two hypotheses, in effect, state that as current share prices factor i n all the variables used in technical and fundamental analyses, future movement is inherently unpredictable and investment decisions of fund managers nothing more than shots in the dark. Finally the strong form hypothesis states that all information, public and private is reflected in share prices. This is possibly an untenable hypothesis as there may be a number of facts available with the management that may not be available with market operators. A case in point is Enron, where a great deal of inside information, available with the management, was not passed on to the market, enabling the top management to use the undisclosed facts to their advantage. While the efficient market hypotheses rule out the possibility of predictability in stocks, analysts believe this is only partially true and the hypotheses do not address the issue of market momentum, wherein groups of stocks do show the tendency for unilateral predictable movement, a fact that can be used by fund managers to inc rease returns on investments. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) The CAPM was conceptualised by William Sharpe as far back as the early sixties and has since evolved into one of the chief models for managers to control risks while taking investment decisions. It is an equilibrium model that describes the pricing of assets as well as derivatives. The CAPM is the single most used model for valuing securities and uses the Discounted Cash Flow system with risk adjusted discount rates. The CAPM postulates that entry into markets opens investors to two types of risks, systematic risks that arise from just being present in the market, and unsystematic risks, which arise from investing in particular companies. As unsystematic risks can be controlled through a process of diversification, the main risk in portfolio decisions comes from systematic risks.[5] The use of CAPM and other models like the Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Black Scholes provide alternative tools for fund managers to tackle risks and make informed and calculated investment decisions. It is evident from the foregoing analyses that most investment decisions associated with active fund management have significant elements of risk. In most cases, except when fund managers are privy to information that is unavailable to the market, the probability of profitable decision making is not more than even, and it is possible for results to go either way. The only time when chances of profits are relatively high relate to working in equity markets that have gained momentum. Even in momentum led markets, while the movement of a group of shares can be predicted, it is difficult to do the same for individual shares. 3. Analysis and Conclusion Existing theories on market hypotheses make the point that both fundamental and technical analyses do not provide credible tools to fund managers to help them in making profitable investment decisions. Profitable decisions are facilitated mostly when fund managers have access to information unavailable to the market or operate in markets that have generated significant momentum. Such opportunities however, arise very occasionally. While use of CAPM and other existing models help in constructing risk controlled portfolios, the risk of remaining in the market is permanent and cannot be eliminated. These facts are corroborated to a great extent by the fact that actively managed funds have been outperformed by indices regularly for the last fifteen years.[6] Index funds invest in a selection of equities that comprise the index. Their performances are similar to that of the index. They, however, trail the index marginally in returns because of the associated transaction costs. The costs of index funds are however much less than that of actively managed funds and with most active funds trailing the indices, the rates of return of actively managed funds are significantly lower than those of index funds. Prima facie, there appears to be very litt le reason for the risk-averse investor to invest in actively managed funds. Statistically, their average performance is poorer than that of index funds, their costs are significantly higher and risk profiles obviously greater. Risk-averse investors might still however wish to participate in the far higher returns that some actively managed funds are achieving, especially in the current climate of economic buoyancy. These investors can consider two alternatives. First, investors could choose actively managed funds that have an extended history, i.e., more than five years, of outperforming indices. This is a judgmental decision and does not guarantee future performance. Second, they could opt for funds which operate on a core and satellite system. These funds have a core portfolio of index funds that help in reducing the risk factor considerably. Deployment of the satellite funds is through active fund management and is subject to greater chances of risks and profits. This could be a suitable avenue for risk-averse investors who wish to control risks, but aim to increase their return. Bibliography Active Fund Management and Investment Strategies, 2006, Investment Management, Retrieved November 14 2006 from www.londonexternal.ac.uk//lse/lse_pdf/further_units/invest_man/23_invest_man_chap3.pdf Bodie, Z, Kane, A and Marcus, 2005, Investments, McGraw Hill, USA Burton, J, 1998, Revisiting the Capital Asset Pricing Model, Dow Jones Asset Manager, Retrieved November 12, 2006 from www.stanford.edu/~wfsharpe/art/djam/djam.htm Investment funds from Barclays Global Investors, 2006, Retrieved November 12, 2006 from https://www.bgifunds.com Levy, H, 1996, Introduction to Investments, South-Western College Publishing, USA Wicas, N, 2005, Add active ingredients to spice up passive portfolios, Professional Wealth Management, Retrieved November 12, 2006 from www.pwmnet.com/news/categoryfront.php/id/75/ASSET_ALLOCATION.html Lofthouse, S, 1994, Equity Inves tment Management: How to Select Stocks and Markets, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bottom of Form 1 [1] Investment funds from Barclays Global Investors, 2006, https://bgifunds.com [2] Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005, Investments, Ch. 4, [3] Wicas, N, 2005, Add active ingredients to spice up passive portfolios, Professional Wealth Management [4] Active Fund Management and Investment Strategies, 2006, Investment Management, [5] Burton, J, 1998, Revisiting the Capital Asset Pricing Model, Dow Jones Asset Manager [6] Wicas, N, 2005